The Triassic Marine Biota of Eastern Indonesia and its Interregional and Global Correlation: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17014/ijog.5.1.31-47Keywords:
Triassic, biota, macrofossil, Scythyan, Anisian, Carnian, Norian, RhaetianAbstract
The interregional and global correlation of the Triassic biota of Indonesia was based on the review of previous workers and the author himself. Scythian Epoch (Early Triassic) in Timor is subdivided into Early Scythian with Ophiceras demisso, Meekoceras sp., Pseudomonotis subaurita, Gervillia subpannonica, and Myophoria sp., whilst Late Scythian is indicated by the presence of Owenites egrediens and Sibirites sp. The presence of Anisian Stage (Middle Triassic) in Misool is indicated by ammonite Beyrichites and bivalve Daonella lilintana. In Timor, this stage is pointed out by the presence of Joannites cymbiformis, Monophyllites wengensis, Protrachyceras archaelus, Daonella indica, Tracyceras cf. aon, Brochidium timorense, and Lima subpunctatoides. Terebellina mackayi found above Beyrichites-bearing bed in Misool has an age range from Anisian to Ladinian. It is concluded that the boundary between Anisian and Ladinian lies between beds with Beyrichites and Terebellina mackayi. Early Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) in Timor is indicated by the presence of Joanites cymbiformis, Waldhausenites sp., Miltites sp., and Halogyra cipitiensis; whereas Late Carnian is indicated by the presence of Cladicites crassestriatus and Tropites subbulatus. The presence of Halobia verbeeki, Pinacoceras parma, Neobetites sp., Parabetites sp., Malayites sp., Amarassites sp., and Halorites sp., indicates the Early Norian Stage, whilst the presence of Cladiscites tornatus, Cyrtopleurits malayicus, and Trachypleuraspidites sp. implies the Late Norian. The Rhaetian Stage in Timor contains Choristoceras indoaustralicum, whereas in Misool it contains Choristoceras sp. and Cochloceras sp.
References
Allasinaz, A., 1966. Il Trias in Lambordia XVIII. La fauna a lamellibranchi dello Julico (Carnico medio). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 72(3), p. 609-752. Milano.
Arthaber, G. Von, 1927. Ammonoidea Leiostraca aus der Oberen Trias von Timor. Jaarboek van het Mijnwezen in Nederlandsch-Indie, 55E Jaargang, 1926, Verhandelingen, 2, p.1-174, 20 Tafel, 19 Textfigures.
Bather, F.A., 1905. The Mount Torlesse annelid. Geological Magazine (London), p.532-542.
Bather, G. Von, 1929. Triassic Echinoderms of Timor. Paläontologie von Timor, 16, p.214-272, 2 Plates.
Begg, J.G., Cave, M.P., and Campbell, H.J., 1983. Terebellina mackayi Bather in Oretian rocks, Wairaki Hills, Southland (Note). New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 26, p.121-122.
Bhalla, S., 1983. The Mesozoic. In: Moullade A.M. and Nairn, A.E.M. (eds), The Phanerozoic Geology of the World II, B, p.305-351, 8 abh. 9 Tab. Amsterdam (Elsevier).
Boehm, G., 1904. Geologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in den Molukken. Comptes Rendus, 9th Conggres International, Vienna 1903, p.657-662.
Boehm, G., 1905. Ueber Brachiopoden aus Einem Aelteren Kalkstein der Insel Ambon. Jaarboek van het Mijnwezen, Oost-Indie Wetenschappelijke Mededeelingen, Gedeelte 34, p.88-93.
Boehm, G., 1908. Beschreibung eines Ammoniten von Südwest Neu Guinea. Koninklijke Nederlandsch Aardrijkskunde Genootschaap, Leiden, 409-410.
Bülow, E. Von, 1915. Orthoceren und Belemnitiden der Trias von Timor. Paläontologie von Timor, 4(7), p.1-72, 6 Tafel, 24 Textfigures.
Campbell. J.D. and Warren, G., 1965. Fossil localities of the Torlesse Group in the South Island. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society, New Zealand, 3(8), p.99-137.
Chen, Chu-chen, 1974. A Handbook of the Stratigraphy and Paleontology in S.W. China. Edited Nanking Institute of Geology and Paleontology (Ed.), Academic Sin Science Press.
Chen, Chu-chen, 1990. Marine Triassic lamellibranch assemblage from southwest China. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85(3-4), p.1189-1196.
Chonglakmani, C., 1981. The systematics and biostratigraphy of Triassic bivalves and ammonites of Thailand. Unpubl. Ph. D. Thesis. Auckland University, New Zealand.
Cox, L.R., 1949. Upper Triassic mollusca from Peru. Instituto Geologia del Peru, Bulletin, 12, 44 pp.
Diener, C., 1923. Ammonoidea trachyuostraca aus der Mittleren und Oberen Trias von Timor., Jaarboek van het Mijnwezen, Nederlandsch Oost-Indie, 5,p.75-276, 32 tafel.
Douglas, J.A., 1929. A marine Triassic fauna from Eastern Persia. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 85, p.624-650.
Force, L.M. and Force, E.R., 1978. Triassic rocks of the Black Forest-Haldon area, MacKenzie Country, South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 21, p.747-760.
Frech, F., 1905. Untere Trias in Timor und Obertrias der Molukken. Nachtrag zur Trias Asiens. In: Frech, F. (Ed.), Lethaea geognotica. 2. Das Mesozoicum, p.541-542.
Gerth, H., 1915. Die Heterastridien von Timor. Paläontologie von Timor, 2, p.63-69, 1 Tafel.
Gerth, H., 1927. Ein Heterastridium Mit Eigenartiger Oberflachen Skulptur aus dem Perm von Timor. Leidsche Geologische Mededeelingen, 2, p.223-225, 1 Tafel.
Grant-Mackie, J.A., 1978. Status and identity of the New Zealand Upper Triassic bivalve Monotis salinaria var. richmondiana Zittel 1864. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 21(3), p.375-402.
Grant-Mackie, J.A., 1980. Systematics of New Zealand Monotis (Upper Triassic Bivalvia): subgenus Inflatomonotis. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 23, p.629-637.
Grant-Mackie, J.A., 1985. The Warepan Stage of the Upper Triassic: redefinition and subdivision. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 28, p.701-724.
Harland, W.B., Armstrong, R.L., Cox, A.V., Craig, L.E., Smith A.G., and Smith D.G., 1989. A geologic time scale. Cambridge University Press.
Hasibuan, F., 1991. Mesozoic and Paleontology of Misool Archipelago, Indonesia. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
Hasibuan, F., 2007a. Penelitian Biostratigrafi Mesozoikum Pulau Rote, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jurnal Sumber Daya Geologi, XVII(3), p.126-144.
Hasibuan, F., 2007b. Annelid Terebellina mackayi (Bather) from Middle Triassic Keskain Formation, Misool Archipelago. Journal of Geological Resources, XVII(2), p.116-123.
Hasibuan, F. and Grant-Mackie, J.A. 2007. Triassic and Jurassic Gastropods from the Misool Archipelago, Eastern Indonesia. Jurnal Sumber Daya Geologi, XVII (4), p.257-272.
Hayami, I., Maeda, S. and Fuller, C.R., 1977. Some Late Triassic Bivalvia and Gastropoda from Domeyko Range of North Chile. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, New Series, 108 , p.202-221.
Hirsch, P. F., 1977. Essai de correlation biostratigraphique des niveaux mesoet Neotriasiques de facies <> du domaine sepharade. Cuadevuos Geologia Iberiea, 4, p.511-526, Madrid.
Hudson, R.G.S. and Jefferies, R.P.S., 1961. Upper Triassic Brachiopods and Lamellibranchs from the Oman Peninsula, Arabia. Paleontology, 4(1), p.1-41.
Hyatt, A., 1892. Remarks on the Pinnidae. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 25, p.335-346.
Ishibashi, J., 1975. Some Triassic Ammonites from Indonesia and Malaysia. Geology and Paläontology of Southeast Asia, 16, p.45-56, 1 Plate, 3 Text Figures.
Jaworski, E., 1915. Die Fauna der Obertriadischen Nuculamergel von Misol. Paläontologie von Timor, 2(5), p.73-174, 3 Tafel.
Jaworski, E., 1927. Obertriadische Brachiopoden von Ambon (Molukken). Jaarboek van het Mijnwezen in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie, 1926(3), p.201-229, 1 Tafel.
Kieslinger, A., 1924. Die Nautiloideen der Mittleren und Oberen Trias von Timor Jaarboek van het Mijnwezen in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie, 41E, p.51-145, 7 Tafel, 35 Textfigures.
Kittl, E., 1912. Materialien zu Einer monographie der Halobiidae und Monotidae der Trias. Druck Der K.U.K. Hofbuchdruckerei Victor Hornyanszky, Budapest.
Kobayashi, T. and Tamura, M., 1968. Myophoria (S.L) in Malaya with a Note on the Triassic Trigoniacea. Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, 5, p.88-137, 3 Plates.
Kobayashi, T. and Tamura, M., 1983. On the Oriental Province of the Tethyan Realm in the Triassic Period. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, 59(7), ser. B, p.203-206.
Kőrner, K., 1937. Marine (Cassianer-Raibler) Trias am Nevado de Acratambo (Nord. Peru). Palaeontography, A 86, p.145-240.
Kristan-Tollmann, E., 1986. Triassic of the Tethys and its relation with the Triassic of the Pacific Realm. International Symposium on Shallow Tethys 2. Wagga Wagga.
Krumbeck, L., 1913. Obere Trias von Buru und Misol. Palaeontography Supplements, 4(2), p.1-61.
Krumbeck, L., 1921. Die Brachiopoden, Lamellibrachiaten und Gastropoden der Trias von Timor. 1. Stratigraphischer Teil. Paläontologie von Timor, 10(11), p.1-142.
Krumbeck, L., 1923. Zur Kenntnis des Juras der Insel Timor, Soewi des Aucellen Horizontes von Seram und Buru. Paläontologie von Timor, 12, p.1-120.
Krumbeck, L., 1924. Die Brachiopoden. Lamellibranchiaten und Gastropoden der Trias von Timor II. Paläontogischer Teil. Paläontologie von Timor, 13, p.143-417, 20 Tafel, 4 Textfigures.
Kummel, B., 1968. Scythian Ammonoids from Timor. Breviora Museum of Comparative Zoology, 283, p.1-21.
Kummel, B., 1960. New Zealand Triassic ammonoid. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophy, 3(3), p.486-509.
Loriga, C.B. and Posenato, R., 1986. Costatoria (Costatoria?) subrotunda (Bittner, 1901) a Smithian (Lower Triassic) marker from Tethys. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 92(2), p.89-200.
Ma, Qi-H., 1977. Mesozoic Fossil Lamellibranch from Yunnan. In: Mesozoic Fossil from Yunan, China, 1, p.161-386. Beijing Science Publishing House.
Marwick, J., 1953. Division and Faunas of the Hokonui System (Triassic and Jurassic). Paleontological Buletin, New Zealand Geological Survey, 21.
Musper, K.A.F.R., 1929. Beknopt verslag over de uitkomsten van nieuwe geologische onderzoekingen in de Padangsche Bovenlanden. Jaarboek van het Mijnwezen in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie, 58, p.265-331.
Reed, F.R.C., 1927. Paleozoic and Mesozoic Fossils from Yunnan. Paleontologia Indica. New Series, 10(1), p.1-291.
Renz, C., 1905. Die Austral - Asiatische Provinz. 3. Molukken. Lethaea Geognotisca, In: French, F. (Ed.), Das Mesozoicum, p.212-213.
Rosidi, H.M.D., Tjokrosapoetro, S., and Gafoer, S., 1996. Peta Geologi Bersistem, Timor, Lembar Kupang: 2205-2305-2306, skala 1: 250.000. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung.
Rothpletz, A., 1892. Die Perm-, Trias-, und Jura-Formation auf Timor und Rotti im Indischen Archipel. Paläontografie, 39, p.57-106. 6 Tafel.
Rutten, L.M.R., 1927. De noordlijke molukken en de Radja-Ampat-Group. In: Voordrachten over de Geologie van Nederlandsch Oost-Indië, p.761-781.
Sato, T., 1964. Études biostratigraphiques des ammonites du Jurassiques du Japon. Society Géology France Memoir, 94, p.1-122.
Saurin, E., 1956. Lexique stratigraphical international. 3(fsc. 6a) Indochina, Paris.
Seidlitz, W. Von, 1913. Misolia, Eine Neue Brachiopodengattung aus den Arthyridenkalken von Buru und Misool. Paläontographica Supplements, 4(2)1, p.163-193, 3 Tafel, 9 Textfigures.
Siberling, N. and Tozer, E., 1968. Biostratyigraphic Classification of the Marine Triassic in North America. Special Paper, Geological Society of America, 110, p.1-63.
Skwarko, S.K., 1973. On the discovery of Halobiidae (Bivalve Triassic0 in New Guinea. B.M.R. Geology and Geophysics, Bulletin, 126, p.51-54, Paleontology Paper.
Smith, J.P., 1914. Middle Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America. U.S.G.S. Professional Paper, 83, p.1-254.
Stanley, G.D., 1979. Paleoecology, Structure and distribution of Triassic coral buildups in Western North America. University of Kansas, Paleontology Contribution, 65.
Thenius, V.E., 1980. Zum Problem der “zirkumpazzifischen” und der Tethys-Verbreitung mariner Evertebraten in der Trias. Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museum Wiena, 83, p.285-301.
Tozer, E.T., 1967. A standard fo Triassic time. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 156, 103 pp.
Tozer, E.T., 1979. Latest Triassic ammonoid faunas and biochronology, Western Canada. Current Research Part B, Geological Survey of Canada, 79-1B, p.127-135.
Tozer, E.T., 1984. The Trias and its ammonoids: the evolution of a time scale. Geological Survey of Canada, Miscellaneous Report, 35, 171 pp.
Trechman, C.T., 1918. The Trias of New Zealand. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 73(3), p.165-246, 9 plates, map, sections.
Vinassa de Regny, P., 1915. Triadische Algen, Spongien, Anthozoen und Broyozoean aus Timor. Paläontologie von Timor, 4, p.73-118, 10 Tafel, 3 Textfigures.
Vu-Khuc, Dagyx, A.X., Dagys, A.S., Kiparisova, V.D., Nguyen, N.B., Bao, T.C., and Srebrodolskaia, I.N., 1965. Les Fossiles caracteristiques du Trias du Nord Viêt-Nam. Direction Générale de Géologie de la R.D.V. Hanoi.
Wanner, J., 1907. Trias petrefakten der Molukken und des Timor archipels. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geologie, und Paläontologie, Beil BD 24, p.161-220, 6 Tafel, 4 Textfigures.
Wanner, J., 1910a. Beiträge zur geologischen Kenntnis der Insel Misol (Niederländisch Oost-Indien). Nederlandsch Aardrijkskunde Genootschaap Tijdschrift, 27, p.469-500.
Wanner, J., 1910b. Einige geologische Ergebnisse einer im Jahre 1909 ausgefuhrten Reise durch den oostlichen Teil des indoaustralischen Archipels. Vorlaufige Mitteilung. Central-blad Mineralogie, Geologie, und Paläontologie, 22, p.736-741.
Wanner, J., 1911. Trias Cephalopoden von Timor und Rotti. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geologie, und Paläontologie, Beil BD 31, p.177-196, 2 Tafel.
Wanner, J., 1931. Mesozoikum. Leidsche Geologische Mededeelingen, 5, p.567-609.
Wanner, J. and Knipscheer, H.C.G., 1951. Der Lias der Niefschlucht in Oost-Seram (Molukken). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 44(1), p.1-28.
Wanner, J., Knipscheer, H.C.G., and Schenk, E., 1952. Zur Kenntnis der Trias de Insel Seram (Indonesien). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 45.
Welter, O.A., 1914. Die Obertriadischen Ammoniten und Nauliden von Timor. Paläontologie von Timor, 5, p.1-258, 36 Tafel.
Welter, O.A., 1915. Die Ammoniten und Nautiliden der Ladinischen und Timor. Paläontologie von Timor,1, p.1-258, 36 Tafel.
Welter, O.A., 1922. Die Ammoniten der Unteren Trias von Timor. Paläontologie von Timor, 11, p.82-159, 17 Tafel.
Wiedmann, J., Fabricius, F., Krystyn, L., Reitner, J., and Urlich, M., 1979. Über umfang ung Stellung des Rhaet. Stratigraphy Newsletter, 8(2), p.133-152.
Wilckens, O., 1927. Paleontology of the New Zealand Trias. New Zealand Paleontological Bulletin, 12, Govt. Printer, Wellington.
Yabe, H. and Sato, S., 1942. A new bivalve from the Jurassic Torinosu series of the Abukuma mountainland. Proceedings of the Imperial Academy, Tokyo, 18(5), p.251-254.
Yi-kang, W. and Guo-xiong, H., 1976. Triassic Ammonoids from the Mount Jolmo Lungma Region. A report of Science. Expedition In the Mount Jolmo Lungma Region (1966-1968). Paleontology, 3, p.459-521.
