Analytical Review of Natural Hydrogen Sources and Occurrence for Sustainable Hydrogen Future in Indonesia

Abstract

One transformative, inexpensive (~$0.5-1/kg), and low-carbon energy source is natural hydrogen produced by serpentinization and other geochemical processes. Global data on its accumulation, migration, and geological mechanisms have been collected in the present study. Temperature, pressure, and mineralogy all affect the rate at which hydrogen is generated. While very limited hydrogen is produced at low temperatures (0.01-1 mmol/kg), significant production (1-100 mmol/kg) is made possible by ideal hydrothermal conditions (200-315° C), with extremely high rates (100-360 mmol/kg) possible under extreme experimental conditions. The evaluation of Indonesia's enormous potential, situated within the vast East Sulawesi Ophiolite Belt, is a primary focus. The country's tectonic environment offers the three necessary components for a significant hydrogen play: a steady geochemical engine, a large supply of source rock, and efficient migration routes. Consequently, Indonesia stands poised to emerge as a potential leader in the regional hydrogen economy. To realize this potential, specific exploration and regulatory support must be initiated, and technical issues related to gas purity must be resolved. This work presents the scientific and financial justification for prioritising natural hydrogen in the global energy transition.